Approximately 15% of men with unexplained infertility have a clinical normal Semen Analysis. It is important to understand the basics before rushing into treatment such as IVF. This could either optimise a single cycle of IVF or reduce the need for assisted reproduction entirely.

It's best known for regulating calcium and bone health, but vitamin D receptors are present in the ovaries, testes, uterus, placenta, and pituitary — which is why it's relevant in fertility care.

TSH stands for thyroid-stimulating hormone. It's made by the pituitary gland (a small gland at the base of the brain) and its job is to tell the thyroid gland in your neck how much thyroid hormone to produce. Measuring TSH is the standard blood test to check thyroid function.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone is produced mainly by granulosa cells of growing preantral and small antral follicles, AMH is widely used as a clinical marker of ovarian reserve and expected ovarian response. It modulates early-stage follicle grow and acts as a “gatekeeper” to ensure follicles develop sequentially rather than all at once.